diff --git a/index.d.ts b/index.d.ts
index 2571eda..d255532 100644
--- a/index.d.ts
+++ b/index.d.ts
@@ -19,12 +19,10 @@ declare module '@gm5/core' {
 
     use(middleware: Middleware | Installable, args?: any): this
 
-    install(module: Installable, args: any): this
-
-    preload(dir: string): this
-
     listen(port?: number, callback?: () => void): this
   }
 
+  export function preload(dir?: string): array
+
   export function createApp(conf?: object): Five
 }
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index 5c63859..7a8d145 100644
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -53,6 +53,27 @@ class Five {
     return this
   }
 
+  async #preload(list) {
+    for (let item of list) {
+      let { name } = parse(item)
+      if (name.startsWith('.')) {
+        return
+      }
+      // 如果是目录,则默认加载index.js, 其他文件不加载
+      // 交由index.js自行处理, 用于复杂的应用
+      if (fs.isdir(item)) {
+        item = join(item, './index.js')
+      }
+
+      try {
+        let { default: Module } = await import(item)
+        this.#modules[name] = Module
+      } catch (err) {
+        console.error(err)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
   get server() {
@@ -102,6 +123,8 @@ class Five {
       this.#middlewares.push(middleware)
     } else if (typeof middleware === 'object' && typeof middleware.install === 'function') {
       this.#install(middleware, args)
+    } else if (Array.isArray(middleware)) {
+      this.#preload(middleware)
     } else {
       throw TypeError('argument must be a function or installable object')
     }
@@ -116,31 +139,12 @@ class Five {
     return this.#install(middleware, args)
   }
 
-  // 预加载应用, 缓存以提高性能
+  /**
+   * 预加载应用, 缓存以提高性能
+   * @deprecated 请使用use方法, 将在下个版本中移除
+   */
   preload(dir) {
-    let list = fs.ls(dir)
-
-    if (list) {
-      list.forEach(item => {
-        let { name } = parse(item)
-        if (name.startsWith('.')) {
-          return
-        }
-        // 如果是目录,则默认加载index.js, 其他文件不加载
-        // 交由index.js自行处理, 用于复杂的应用
-        if (fs.isdir(item)) {
-          item = join(item, './index.js')
-        }
-
-        this.#modules[name] = import(item)
-          .then(r => r.default)
-          .catch(err => {
-            console.error(err)
-            return null
-          })
-      })
-    }
-
+    this.#preload(preload(dir))
     return this
   }
 
@@ -184,6 +188,11 @@ class Five {
   }
 }
 
+export function preload(dir) {
+  let list = fs.ls(dir) || []
+  return list
+}
+
 export function createApp(conf = {}) {
   let app = new Five()
   app.set(conf)